{"id":8,"date":"2024-07-11T11:17:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-11T11:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/?page_id=8"},"modified":"2026-05-04T00:26:50","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T00:26:50","slug":"borgarastridid-us-civil-war","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/borgarastridid-us-civil-war\/","title":{"rendered":"Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 (US Civil War)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjanna 1861-65 er s\u00f6gusvi\u00f0 sm\u00e1sagna \u00far safninu In the Midst of War: Tales of Soldiers and Civilans,<\/em> sem og sj\u00e1lfs\u00e6vis\u00f6gulegra pistla sem Ambrose Bierce rita\u00f0i nokkru eftir str\u00ed\u00f0slok. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i b\u00f6r\u00f0ust um 3 millj\u00f3nir manna og lengst af var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 620.000 manns hef\u00f0u l\u00e1tist \u2013 2% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. N\u00faor\u00f0i\u00f0 telja margir \u00fea\u00f0 vanreikna\u00f0 og a\u00f0 um 850.000 manns hafi l\u00e1tist \u00ed bard\u00f6gum og af s\u00e1rum og veikindum sem rekja m\u00e1 beint til bardaga og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na hermanna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deetta borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 var gjarnan kalla\u00f0 \u00der\u00e6lastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 <\/em>\u00ed \u00edslenskum textum og fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum, og er \u00ed sumum l\u00f6ndum \u00feekkt sem \u00darsagnarstr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>, (e\u00f0a War of Secession<\/em> \u00e1 ensku) enda h\u00f3fst \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fars\u00f6gn nokkurra r\u00edkja e\u00f0a fylkja \u00far bandalagi r\u00edkja Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku. \u00de\u00f3 afn\u00e1m \u00fer\u00e6lahalds hafi l\u00edklega veri\u00f0 \u00e1hrifamesta aflei\u00f0ing str\u00ed\u00f0sins \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00fea\u00f0 einungis \u00f3beinn orsakavaldur \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0 atbur\u00f0a.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Myndin efst \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0unni s\u00fdnir skiptingu r\u00edkjanna \u00e1ri\u00f0 1864 \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalagi\u00f0 (the Confederacy) me\u00f0 rau\u00f0u og Sambandi\u00f0 (the Union) me\u00f0 bl\u00e1u. Lj\u00f3sbl\u00e1 eru \u00feau r\u00edki sem leyf\u00f0u \u00fer\u00e6lahald og gr\u00e1u sv\u00e6\u00f0in eru yfirr\u00e1\u00f0asv\u00e6\u00f0i (e. territories) sem enn var ekki b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 skipta upp \u00ed fylki e\u00f0a \u00e1kvar\u00f0a um leyfi til \u00fer\u00e6lahalds. Mynd eftir J\u00fal\u00edo Reis.<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Evr\u00f3pub\u00faar \u00ed n\u00fdjum heimi og stofnun Bandar\u00edkjanna<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Saga Bandar\u00edkja Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku h\u00f3fst snemma \u00e1 17. \u00f6ld \u00feegar breskir og a\u00f0rir evr\u00f3pskir landnemar settust a\u00f0 \u00e1 austurstr\u00f6nd Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku og h\u00f3fu a\u00f0 stofna hverja n\u00fdlenduna \u00e1 f\u00e6tur annarri. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma bjuggu l\u00edklega 5-600 \u00e6ttb\u00e1lkar frumbyggja v\u00ed\u00f0svegar um alla nor\u00f0ur\u00e1lfuna, en \u00fea\u00f0 stoppa\u00f0i ekki n\u00fdb\u00faana \u00ed a\u00f0 eigna s\u00e9r og s\u00ednum landsv\u00e6\u00f0i til uppbyggingar og r\u00e6ktunar. Fyrstu \u00f6ldina og gott betur tilheyr\u00f0u flestar n\u00fdlendurnar Englandi, Frakklandi e\u00f0a Sp\u00e1ni og \u00e1ttu \u00ed vel \u00feekktu n\u00fdlendusambandi vi\u00f0 s\u00ednar \u201em\u00f3\u00f0urjar\u00f0ir\u201c, me\u00f0 tilheyrandi stu\u00f0ningi fr\u00e1 \u00feeim og skattgrei\u00f0slum til \u00feeirra. Englendingar komu s\u00e9r upp bandalagi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na frumbyggja\u00e6ttb\u00e1lka \u00e1 me\u00f0an Frakkar myndu\u00f0u bandalag vi\u00f0 andst\u00e6\u00f0a frumbyggja\u00e6ttb\u00e1lka og hvort st\u00f3rveldi\u00f0 um sig bar\u00f0ist fyrir yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um \u00e1 n\u00fdlendusv\u00e6\u00f0unum. Eftir Frakka- og frumbyggjastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 1754-1763 (e. The French and Indian War<\/em>) \u00fear sem franska konungsveldi\u00f0 laut \u00ed l\u00e6gra haldi fyrir \u00fev\u00ed breska \u00e1kva\u00f0 breska r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin a\u00f0 auka skattheimtur \u00e1 n\u00fdlendur s\u00ednar til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta s\u00e9r upp kostna\u00f0 vi\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0sreksturinn \u00fear. S\u00fa \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un, auk breytinga \u00e1 framkv\u00e6mdavaldi, lag\u00f0ist illa \u00ed n\u00fdlendub\u00fana og leiddi \u00e1 endanum til Frelsisstr\u00ed\u00f0s Bandar\u00edkjanna, sem \u00fdmist kallast The American Revolutionary War<\/em> e\u00f0a The American War of Independence<\/em> \u00fear ytra og st\u00f3\u00f0 yfir fr\u00e1 apr\u00edl 1775 fram \u00ed september 1783. T\u00e6pum fimmt\u00e1n m\u00e1nu\u00f0um eftir upphaf str\u00ed\u00f0sins sameinu\u00f0ust \u00ferett\u00e1n n\u00fdlendur um a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa yfir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 Englandi og \u00feann 4. j\u00fal\u00ed 1776 leit Einr\u00f3ma yfirl\u00fdsing hinna \u00ferett\u00e1n sameinu\u00f0u r\u00edkja Amer\u00edku<\/em> (e. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America<\/em>), betur \u00feekkt sem Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isyfirl\u00fdsing Bandar\u00edkjanna<\/em> (e. Delaration of Independence<\/em>) dagsins lj\u00f3s. Sumari\u00f0 1787, fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum eftir lok Frelsisstr\u00ed\u00f0isins, var stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00feessarar n\u00fdju \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar ritu\u00f0 og \u00ed henni m.a. tiltekin r\u00e9ttindi \u00feegna hennar. \u00dear sem \u00fer\u00e6lahald var hluti af l\u00edfst\u00edl og r\u00edkid\u00e6mi margra mektarmanna f\u00f3r svo a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in lag\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed hendur hvers r\u00edkis fyrir sig a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a um l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti \u00feess a\u00f0 eiga, selja og kaupa manneskjur annars kynstofns l\u00edkt og um b\u00faf\u00e9na\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00deessi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 er enn notu\u00f0, me\u00f0 alls 27 umb\u00f3tum (e. amendments).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00der\u00e6lahald \u00ed s\u00f6gu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00de\u00f3 andsta\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahald hafi veri\u00f0 farin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00e1 s\u00e9r kr\u00e6la \u00feegar vi\u00f0 ger\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00fea\u00f0 samofi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. \u00der\u00e6lahald \u00ed einni e\u00f0a annarri mynd haf\u00f0i vi\u00f0gengist \u00ed hinum n\u00fdja heimi allt fr\u00e1 upphafi; fyrst me\u00f0 skuldbindingavinnu (e. indentured servitude) \u00fear sem innflytjendur greiddu fyrir far sitt til Amer\u00edku e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra skuld me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skuldbinda sig til launalausrar vinnu (fyrir utan f\u00e6\u00f0i og h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i) \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0inn \u00e1rafj\u00f6lda. L\u00edkt og a\u00f0rar skuldir gat \u00feessi vinnusamningur gengi\u00f0 kaupum og s\u00f6lum milli h\u00fasb\u00e6nda og h\u00e6kka\u00f0 e\u00f0a l\u00e6kka\u00f0 \u00ed ver\u00f0i eftir a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00e1 skuldbundni hef\u00f0i nokku\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja. Svikist hann undan vinnu e\u00f0a n\u00e6\u00f0ist \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta \u00far vistinni \u00e1tti hann \u00e1 h\u00e6ttu a\u00f0 eitt e\u00f0a fleiri \u00e1r b\u00e6ttust vi\u00f0 samningst\u00edmann. En launalaust vinnuframlag skuldbundinna dug\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 skammt og strax \u00e1 fyrri hluta sautj\u00e1ndu aldar h\u00f3fst innflutningur \u00fer\u00e6la fr\u00e1 \u00fdmsum l\u00f6ndum Afr\u00edku. \u00c6ttb\u00e1lkaerjur \u00ed Afr\u00edku\u00e1lfu au\u00f0veldu\u00f0u evr\u00f3pskum \u00fer\u00e6lakaupm\u00f6nnum a\u00f0 kaupa \u00fer\u00e6la og str\u00ed\u00f0sfanga beint fr\u00e1 sigurvegurum, og eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem lei\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6ldina bygg\u00f0ist upp g\u00edfurlegur i\u00f0na\u00f0ur \u00ed kringum kaup og s\u00f6lu \u00e1 \u00fer\u00e6lum. Af \u00feeim 12,5 millj\u00f3n Afr\u00edkumanna sem \u00e1\u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 hneppt \u00ed \u00fer\u00e6ld\u00f3m og send me\u00f0 skipum til beggja Amer\u00edku\u00e1lfa lif\u00f0u um 10,5 millj\u00f3n fer\u00f0alagi\u00f0 af. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vinnuframlag afr\u00edskra \u00fer\u00e6la var \u00e1 17. og 18. \u00f6ld mestmegnis n\u00fdtt til r\u00e6ktunar t\u00f3baks, sykurreyrs, hr\u00edsgrj\u00f3na, ind\u00edg\u00f3-plantna og b\u00f3mullar \u00e1 plantekrum vi\u00f0 su\u00f0urstr\u00f6nd Atlantshafsins, fr\u00e1 Maryland og su\u00f0ur til Georg\u00edu. B\u00f3mull e\u00f0a ba\u00f0mull er vel \u00feekkt \u00ed fata- og text\u00edli\u00f0na\u00f0i; endingargott efni sem unni\u00f0 er \u00far fr\u00e6h\u00e1rum ba\u00f0mullarrunnans. Vinna \u00fer\u00e6la \u00e1 b\u00f3mullarekrunum f\u00f3lst m.a. \u00ed a\u00f0 safna \u00feessum d\u00faskum af pl\u00f6ntunni og hreinsa burt fr\u00e6in svo h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 vinna \u00far \u00feeim \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed vefna\u00f0. Upp \u00far 1790 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0i frumkv\u00f6\u00f0ull a\u00f0 nafni Eli Whitney s\u00e9rstaka fr\u00e6gildru til a\u00f0 skilja fr\u00e6in fr\u00e1 h\u00e1rd\u00faskum og fl\u00fdta \u00feannig ferlinu til muna. \u00deessi uppfinning er vel \u00feekkt sem The Cotton Gin <\/em>(sem \u00fatleggja m\u00e6tti sem ba\u00f0mullarskilju e\u00f0a ba\u00f0mullargildru \u00e1 \u00edslensku). \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 uppfinningin dr\u00e6gi \u00far \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir \u00fer\u00e6la skapa\u00f0i h\u00fan a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er virtist \u00f3se\u00f0jandi eftirspurn eftir b\u00f3mull og b\u00f3mullarframlei\u00f0sla \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum rauk \u00far 156.000 b\u00f6ggum1<\/a><\/sup> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1800 upp \u00ed 4.000.000 bagga \u00e1ri\u00f0 1860. Mikinn mannskap \u00feurfti til a\u00f0 r\u00e6kta akrana og kn\u00fdja skiljurnar, og fyrir tilstilli launalausra og s\u00edvinnandi \u00fer\u00e6la var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 halda b\u00f3mullarver\u00f0i ni\u00f0ri.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klofningur r\u00edkjasambandins<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00deegar l\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00f3k \u00e1 19. \u00f6ldina f\u00f3r i\u00f0na\u00f0ur a\u00f0 n\u00e1 undirt\u00f6kunum \u00ed r\u00edkjunum nor\u00f0anmegin \u00e1 me\u00f0an landb\u00fana\u00f0ur var undirsta\u00f0an sunnanmegin, einkum b\u00f3mullarr\u00e6ktun me\u00f0 tilkomu ba\u00f0mullarskiljunnar. Lagt haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 bann vi\u00f0 frekari \u00fer\u00e6lainnflutningi fr\u00e1 Afr\u00edku \u00e1ri\u00f0 1808, \u00fer\u00e6lahald var banna\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00f6rgum r\u00edkja nor\u00f0anmegin og Nor\u00f0anmenn voru andv\u00edgir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahald yr\u00f0i leyft \u00ed \u00feeim n\u00fdju r\u00edkjum sem landvinningar til vesturs myndu\u00f0u. \u00de\u00f3 er ekki \u00fear me\u00f0 sagt a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem b\u00f6r\u00f0ust fyrir afn\u00e1mi \u00fer\u00e6lahalds hafi endilega haft jafnr\u00e9tti og br\u00e6\u00f0ralag \u00ed huga; m\u00f6rgum svei\u00f0 fyrst og fremst \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faar sumra r\u00edkja hef\u00f0u grei\u00f0an a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00f3keypis vinnuafli og v\u00ed\u00f0a var hugsunarh\u00e1tturinn s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lana \u00e6tti a\u00f0 frelsa og senda svo aftur til Afr\u00edku, enda v\u00e6ru Bandar\u00edkin land hins hv\u00edta og si\u00f0mennta\u00f0a kynstofns. \u00deessi \u00e1greiningur um r\u00e9tt f\u00f3lks til a\u00f0 eiga, kaupa og selja a\u00f0rar manneskjur til a\u00f0 skapa s\u00e9r au\u00f0 og vi\u00f0halda \u00e1kve\u00f0num l\u00edfst\u00edl var st\u00f3r li\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feegar rep\u00fablikaninn og afn\u00e1mssinninn Abraham Lincoln n\u00e1\u00f0i forsetakj\u00f6ri \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1860 \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e1u nokkur r\u00edkjanna s\u00e6ng s\u00edna upp reidda og s\u00f6g\u00f0u sig \u00far r\u00edkjasambandinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyrsta r\u00edki\u00f0 til a\u00f0 segja sig \u00far Bandar\u00edkjunum var Su\u00f0ur-Kar\u00f3l\u00edna og fleiri fylgdu \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0. \u00deegar Lincoln var v\u00edg\u00f0ur til emb\u00e6ttis Bandar\u00edkjaforseta \u00ed mars 1861 h\u00f6f\u00f0u alls sj\u00f6 \u00fer\u00e6lahalds-r\u00edki sagt sig \u00far sambandinu og stofna\u00f0 sitt eigi\u00f0, me\u00f0 n\u00fdjum f\u00e1na og eigin stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. Stofnun hins n\u00fdja Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalags (the Confederacy,<\/em> og r\u00edkin k\u00f6llu\u00f0 the Confederate States<\/em>) var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki hugsu\u00f0 sem str\u00ed\u00f0syfirl\u00fdsing vi\u00f0 hinn hluta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjamenn upplif\u00f0u bo\u00f0 um afn\u00e1m \u00fer\u00e6lahalds \u00ed \u00f6llum r\u00edkjum sem \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1 s\u00edna l\u00edfsh\u00e6tti og menningu, og eins og m\u00e1li\u00f0 horf\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00fe\u00e1 var me\u00f0 sl\u00edku alr\u00edkisvaldi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breyta \u00fev\u00ed samkomulagi sem n\u00fdlendurnar \u00ferett\u00e1n h\u00f6f\u00f0u gert me\u00f0 s\u00e9r vi\u00f0 stofnun Bandar\u00edkjanna. \u00darsagnarr\u00edkin v\u00e6ru me\u00f0 stofnun n\u00fds bandalags \u00ed raun a\u00f0 hverfa aftur til hins upprunalega samkomulags sem heimila\u00f0i hverju r\u00edki a\u00f0 setja s\u00edn eigin l\u00f6g, og stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 hins n\u00fdja Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalags var afskaplega l\u00edk stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjanna. \u00cd stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalagsins kom aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti sk\u00fdrt fram a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lahald v\u00e6ri leyfilegt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deann 12. apr\u00edl 1861 r\u00e9\u00f0ist her Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalagsins \u00e1 Sumter-virki sem l\u00e1 utan vi\u00f0 str\u00f6nd Su\u00f0ur-Kar\u00f3l\u00ednufylkis vi\u00f0 b\u00e6inn Charleston. Um t\u00f6luver\u00f0an t\u00edma haf\u00f0i \u00e1greiningur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 hvorum hinna str\u00ed\u00f0andi a\u00f0ila virki\u00f0 tilheyr\u00f0i og \u00fear kom a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalagi\u00f0 \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 eign sinni \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0. \u00deann dag blakti \u00fe\u00f3 f\u00e1ni Bandar\u00edkjanna vi\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00ed Sumter-virki og \u00fev\u00ed kom ekki anna\u00f0 til greina en a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 \u00feennan gj\u00f6rning sem \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1 Bandar\u00edkin (hin upprunalegu, the Union). \u00deremur d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar sendi Lincoln forseti \u00fat bo\u00f0 til landsmanna sinna og \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir 75.000 sj\u00e1lfbo\u00f0ali\u00f0um til a\u00f0 berjast gegn \u00fev\u00ed sem hann kalla\u00f0i uppreisn, og bjarga bandar\u00edsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 klofna \u00ed tvennt. Ein \u00feekktasta tilvitnunin \u00far \u00feessu samhengi er \u201ea house divided against itself cannot stand\u201c sem er tilv\u00edsun \u00ed Matteusargu\u00f0spjall2<\/a><\/sup> og merkir a\u00f0 miss\u00e6tti e\u00f0a \u00e1greiningur innan heimilisins muni \u00e1 endanum leysa \u00fea\u00f0 upp, enda var fyrsta yfirl\u00fdsta takmark Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0sins a\u00f0 berja ni\u00f0ur uppreisnina og tryggja samband allra r\u00edkjanna undir sameina\u00f0ri stj\u00f3rn, einum sameiginlegum f\u00e1na og sem einnar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deessi hugmynd Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjanna um a\u00f0 skilja sig svo skyndilega og harkalega fr\u00e1 sambandinu gekk ekki alveg upp \u00fev\u00ed skilin \u00e1 milli sambandssinna og a\u00f0skilna\u00f0arsinna voru ekki endilega sk\u00fdr og hollusta vi\u00f0 hvorn m\u00e1lsta\u00f0inn fyrir sig f\u00f3r ekki alltaf eftir b\u00fasetu e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00f6\u00f0u svo \u00e6skuvinir, n\u00e1grannar og jafnvel fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0limir g\u00e1tu fundi\u00f0 sig kn\u00fana a\u00f0 velja milli \u00feess hvort \u00e6tti sterkari \u00edt\u00f6k \u00ed \u00feeim; hollustan vi\u00f0 fylki\u00f0 e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 r\u00edkjasambandi\u00f0. \u00dalfakreppan <\/a> sem \u00feetta olli kemur m.a. fram \u00ed s\u00f6gunum Coulter\u2019s notch <\/em>og Horseman in the sky <\/em>(Rei\u00f0ma\u00f0ur \u00e1 himni<\/em>) eftir Bierce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sveitapiltar og i\u00f0nnemar \u00ed hermennsku <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1 \u00feeim r\u00famu fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum sem Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 st\u00f3\u00f0 yfir b\u00f6r\u00f0ust um 3 millj\u00f3nir manna v\u00ed\u00f0svegar um landi\u00f0. Skv. manntali voru \u00edb\u00faar landsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1860 samtals 31,4 millj\u00f3nir, af \u00f6llum kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9ttum, og \u00fe\u00e1tttaka \u00fev\u00ed 10% \u00e1 landsv\u00edsu en hlutfallslega misskipt \u00e1 milli einstakra fylkja og sv\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00cd apr\u00edl 1861, \u00feegar Lincoln kalla\u00f0i eftir 75.000 sj\u00e1lfbo\u00f0ali\u00f0um til a\u00f0 berjast fyrir land og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 voru einungis um 15.000 atvinnuhermenn \u00ed Nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum og sj\u00e1lfsagt t\u00f6luvert f\u00e6rri \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum. Allur vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarli\u00f0sauki beggja fylkinga var \u00feverskur\u00f0ur s\u00edns samf\u00e9lags; b\u00e6ndasynir, i\u00f0na\u00f0armenn \u00far \u00fdmsum greinum og verkamenn \u2014 menn me\u00f0 enga her\u00fej\u00e1lfun en gjarnan draum\u00f3rakenndar hugmyndir um hetjud\u00e1\u00f0ir og hei\u00f0arlega bar\u00e1ttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Af \u00feessari r\u00famu 31 millj\u00f3n t\u00f6ldust r\u00e9tt t\u00e6par 4 millj\u00f3nir til \u00fer\u00e6la og \u00feeim til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar voru um 500.000 Afr\u00edku\u00e6tta\u00f0ir leysingjar e\u00f0a frj\u00e1lsbornir. \u00cd upphafi str\u00ed\u00f0sins voru b\u00e1\u00f0ar fylkingar samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 \u00feetta skyldi vera str\u00ed\u00f0 hv\u00edtra manna, enda bjuggust menn ekki vi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru en a\u00f0 \u00feetta yr\u00f0i skammvinnt str\u00ed\u00f0 og sj\u00e1lfsagt betra a\u00f0 vera ekkert a\u00f0 blanda fyrrverandi og n\u00faverandi \u00fer\u00e6lum \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 bar\u00e1ttu. \u00de\u00e1tttaka svartra raunger\u00f0ist \u00feegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1 str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0, me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum herdeildum h\u00f6rundsd\u00f6kkra (enda \u00fe\u00f3tti a\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttanna hi\u00f0 e\u00f0lilegasta og sj\u00e1lfsag\u00f0asta m\u00e1l).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cd Nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum var \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir sj\u00e1lfbo\u00f0ali\u00f0um \u00ed herinn og til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 \u00e1tti \u00fea\u00f0 sama vi\u00f0 um Su\u00f0urr\u00edkin. \u00cd apr\u00edl 1862, \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00f3fst, neyddist Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjabandalagi\u00f0 hinsvegar til a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 herskyldu til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda og endurn\u00fdja herafla sinn. Herskyldan n\u00e1\u00f0i til allra hv\u00edtra karlmanna \u00e1 aldrinum 18 til 35 \u00e1ra sem t\u00f6ldust \u00feegn einhvers r\u00edkis\/fylkis \u00feess. Einhverjar undan\u00fe\u00e1gur leyf\u00f0ust og m.a. g\u00e1tu plantekrueigendur me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inn fj\u00f6lda \u00fer\u00e6la fengi\u00f0 undan\u00fe\u00e1gu, sj\u00e1lfsagt \u00e1 \u00feeim forsendum a\u00f0 einhver \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 sta\u00f0num til a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 rekstri b\u00fasins. \u00cd einni \u00feekktustu s\u00f6gu Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge<\/em> (Atvik vi\u00f0 Uglul\u00e6kjarbr\u00fa<\/em> ), segir fr\u00e1 plantekrueigandanum Peyton Farquhar sem sv\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vegna a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na hafi hann ekki geta\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 berjast fyrir Su\u00f0urr\u00edkin svo hann reynir a\u00f0 leggja m\u00e1lsta\u00f0num li\u00f0 \u00e1 annan h\u00e1tt. H\u00e6\u00f0inn undirt\u00f3nn l\u00e6tur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed liggja a\u00f0 Peyton, l\u00edkt og margir sem enga reynslu hafa af hermennsku, hafi \u00f3rauns\u00e6jar hugmyndir um eigin getu og a\u00f0 innst inni s\u00e9 hann kannski ekki svo svekktur yfir a\u00f0 hafa ekki geta\u00f0 \u201esinnt skyldu sinni gagnvart Bandalaginu\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 hann reyni a\u00f0 telja sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um anna\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00fd t\u00e6kni og a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjanna hefur stundum veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 \u201efyrsta n\u00fat\u00edmastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0<\/a>\u201c (e. first modern warfare) en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki alveg r\u00e9ttnefni. M\u00f6rg s\u00fa t\u00e6kni sem str\u00ed\u00f0andi fylkingar n\u00fdttu s\u00e9r haf\u00f0i \u00feegar veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed herna\u00f0i \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu en \u00fearna hittist h\u00fan \u00f6ll fyrir \u00e1 sama sta\u00f0. I\u00f0nbyltingin, sem almennt er tala\u00f0 um a\u00f0 hafi sta\u00f0i\u00f0 yfir 1760-1840, gat af s\u00e9r fj\u00f6lmargar n\u00fdjungar<\/a>\u00a0\u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i og framlei\u00f0slu \u00ed verksmi\u00f0jum sem haf\u00f0i g\u00edfurleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 st\u00f3rherna\u00f0 sem \u00feennan. Fram \u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 komu langdr\u00e6gnari rifflar \u00ed sta\u00f0 skammdr\u00e6gnari framhla\u00f0ninga, betri skammbyssur og afkastameiri rifflar (Colt Army Model skammbyssur og Spencer repeating rifles), Howitzer-sprengjuv\u00f6rpur og hinar v\u00e6g\u00f0arlausu Parrott-byssur sem skutu sprengik\u00falum af \u00fdmsum st\u00e6r\u00f0um. Lestir au\u00f0veldu\u00f0u flutning birg\u00f0a og b\u00fana\u00f0ar \u00e1 v\u00edgst\u00f6\u00f0var og herna\u00f0arlega mikilv\u00e6ga sta\u00f0i. Manna\u00f0ir loftbelgir svo sko\u00f0a m\u00e6tti v\u00edgl\u00ednur \u00f3vinarins \u00far lofti og hr\u00f6\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingami\u00f0lun me\u00f0 tilkomu rits\u00edmans au\u00f0veldu\u00f0u skipulagningu herna\u00f0ar og ger\u00f0 \u00e1\u00e6tlana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Str\u00ed\u00f0slok: \u00datkoma og eftirm\u00e1lar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00deann 9. apr\u00edl 1865 tilkynnti Robert E. Lee, hersh\u00f6f\u00f0ingi Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjahers Nor\u00f0ur-Virgin\u00edu, formlega uppgj\u00f6f sem leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 Sambandsher Nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjanna taldist sigurvegari str\u00ed\u00f0sins. \u00c1 \u00feessum fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum h\u00f6f\u00f0u t\u00e6plega 400 bardagar veri\u00f0 h\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00ed 23 r\u00edkjum og \u00e1\u00e6tla\u00f0 mannfall um 850.000 manns af v\u00f6ldum s\u00e1ra og sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma 3<\/a><\/sup>. Su\u00f0urr\u00edkin voru b\u00e6\u00f0i f\u00e1mennari og f\u00e1t\u00e6kari af vopnab\u00fana\u00f0i en Nor\u00f0urr\u00edkin, en b\u00f6r\u00f0ust \u00fe\u00f3 af krafti og einur\u00f0 \u00ed lengri t\u00edma en nokkurn hef\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfsagt \u00f3ra\u00f0 fyrir nor\u00f0anmegin. Me\u00f0 sigri Sambandshersins og sameiningu r\u00edkjanna a\u00f0 n\u00fdju fengu fj\u00f3rar millj\u00f3nir \u00fer\u00e6la frelsi a\u00f0 nafninu til, sem fest var \u00ed l\u00f6g \u00ed desember 1865 me\u00f0 13. umb\u00f3tagrein stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar. Vi\u00f0 t\u00f3k t\u00edmabil endurbyggingar (e. Reconstruction era, 1865-77) \u00fear sem reynt var a\u00f0 vinda ofan af \u00f3jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i gagnvart fyrrum \u00fer\u00e6lum og reisa \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina upp a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. Sl\u00edkt er \u00fe\u00f3 h\u00e6gara sagt en gert og l\u00f6g um a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 svartra og hv\u00edtra voru \u00ed gildi langt fram \u00e1 20. \u00f6ldina. Eins voru Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjamenn \u00ed s\u00e1rum enda l\u00edfst\u00edl \u00feeirra, gildum og menningu kollvarpa\u00f0 og s\u00e1 yfirgangur Nor\u00f0urr\u00edkjanna, sem \u00feeir upplif\u00f0u sig ver\u00f0a fyrir og kom str\u00ed\u00f0inu af sta\u00f0 til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0, h\u00e9lt \u00fearna \u00e1fram. M\u00fdtur um a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6laeigendur hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lunum velvilja\u00f0ir og a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6larnir hafi \u00ed raun veri\u00f0 s\u00e1ttir vi\u00f0 sitt hlutskipti voru l\u00edfseigar. Sj\u00e1lfsagt hefur veri\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 horfast \u00ed augu vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 fram af kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 hafi eigi\u00f0 samf\u00e9lag og velmegun veri\u00f0 bygg\u00f0 upp me\u00f0 illri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum manneskjum og hryllilegu ofbeldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hva\u00f0 var a\u00f0 gerast \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Til a\u00f0 setja \u00feessa atbur\u00f0i \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 evr\u00f3pska s\u00f6gu m\u00e1 nefna nokkra s\u00f6gulega atbur\u00f0i fr\u00e1 seinni hluta 19. aldar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cdsland:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1845: Al\u00feingi \u00cdslendinga, sem fr\u00e1 930 til 1799 kom \u00e1rlega saman \u00e1 \u00deingv\u00f6llum, var endurreist \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1846: L\u00e6r\u00f0i sk\u00f3linn (l\u00edka kalla\u00f0ur Lat\u00ednusk\u00f3linn) fluttist fr\u00e1 Bessast\u00f6\u00f0um til Reykjav\u00edkur og f\u00e9kk nafni\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkur l\u00e6r\u00f0i sk\u00f3li,<\/em> en hefur fr\u00e1 1937 bori\u00f0 nafni\u00f0 Menntask\u00f3linn \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1tta \u00cdslendinga st\u00f3\u00f0 yfir fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0ri 19. \u00f6ld. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1948 afsala\u00f0i Danakonungur s\u00e9r einveldi og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri rita\u00f0i J\u00f3n Sigur\u00f0sson (1811-1879) Hugvekju til \u00cdslendinga<\/em> sem birtist \u00ed N\u00fdjum f\u00e9lagsritum \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1r. \u00cd hugvekjunni hvetur hann \u00cdslendinga til bar\u00e1ttu fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 \u00feeim r\u00f6kum a\u00f0 me\u00f0 afn\u00e1mi einveldisins yr\u00f0i \u00cdsland aftur sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt land eins og fyrir undirritun Gamla s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la \u00e1ri\u00f0 1262, \u00feegar \u00cdslendingar gengu Noregskonungi \u00e1 h\u00f6nd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1862: Barnask\u00f3li Reykjav\u00edkur t\u00f3k til starfa. \u00dear l\u00e6r\u00f0u b\u00f6rn lestur, skrift, r\u00e9ttritun, reikning, bibl\u00edus\u00f6gur, landafr\u00e6\u00f0i og d\u00f6nsku.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f3lksflutningar \u00cdslendinga til Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, einkum til Kanada, voru a\u00f0 hefjast um \u00fea\u00f0 leyti sem t\u00edmi endurbyggingar h\u00f3fst \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, e\u00f0a fr\u00e1 um 1870 og fram a\u00f0 fyrri heimsstyrj\u00f6ld. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 um 15 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00cdslendingar, e\u00f0a 20% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, hafi fluttst vestur um haf og ekki sn\u00fai\u00f0 aftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1874 fengu \u00cdslendingar s\u00edna fyrstu stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. Me\u00f0 henni fengu \u00cdslendingar takmarka\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfsstj\u00f3rn sem m.a. f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi f\u00e9kk l\u00f6ggjafarvald me\u00f0 konungi, og fj\u00e1rveitingavald. Landsh\u00f6f\u00f0ingi var skipa\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rn landsins \u00ed umbo\u00f0i konungs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1875: Eitt mesta \u00f6skugos \u00cdslands\u00f6gunnar h\u00f3fst \u00feann 28. mars \u00ed \u00d6skju og st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed um 8 klst. Miki\u00f0 tj\u00f3n var\u00f0 af \u00f6skufalli um mi\u00f0bik Austurlands og margir b\u00e6ir f\u00f3ru \u00ed ey\u00f0i, sem \u00fdtti undir f\u00f3lksflutninga Austfir\u00f0inga til Vesturheims. \u00c1 n\u00e6stu m\u00e1nu\u00f0um var\u00f0 fleiri gosa vart og \u00fea\u00f0 var fyrst \u00ed \u00e1rslok 1876 sem seinast s\u00e1st til elds \u00ed \u00d6skju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cdslendingum fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i \u00far t\u00e6plega 60.000 \u00ed 70.500 milli \u00e1ranna 1850 og 1890.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evr\u00f3pa:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1845: Kart\u00f6flus\u00fdki \u00e1 \u00cdrlandi olli g\u00edfurlegri hungursney\u00f0 sem st\u00f3\u00f0 yfir \u00ed sj\u00f6 \u00e1r. Hungursney\u00f0in leiddi til 20-25% f\u00f3lksf\u00e6kkunar \u00e1 milli 1841 og 1871, og \u00ed sumum b\u00e6jum allt a\u00f0 67%. A.m.k. 2,1 millj\u00f3n \u00cdra fluttust af landi brott \u00e1 \u00e1ratugnum 1845-1855.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00edmstr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 1853-1856. \u00dear b\u00f6r\u00f0ust R\u00fassar gegn Tyrkjum, en Frakkland og Bretland studdu Tyrki. Kr\u00edmstr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur l\u00edka oft veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 fyrsta n\u00fat\u00edmastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1859: Styrj\u00f6ld \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu \u00fear sem Austurr\u00edki bar\u00f0ist gegn Sardin\u00edu og Frakklandi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1861: \u00cdtal\u00eda sameinast sem konungsr\u00edki undir forystu Sardin\u00edur\u00edkis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1864: Styrj\u00f6ld Dana vi\u00f0 Pr\u00fassa og Austurr\u00edkismenn. Eftir \u00f3sigur Dana hert\u00f3ku Pr\u00fassar h\u00e9ra\u00f0i\u00f0 Sl\u00e9sv\u00edk (Schleswig) og Austurr\u00edkismenn h\u00e9ra\u00f0i\u00f0 Holtsetaland (Holstein). \u00c1ri\u00f0 1867 ur\u00f0u b\u00e6\u00f0i h\u00e9r\u00f6\u00f0in pr\u00fassnesk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1866: Rits\u00edmi lag\u00f0ur milli Evr\u00f3pu og Amer\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1870: Frakkar, undir stj\u00f3rn Nap\u00f3leons III, l\u00fdsa yfir str\u00ed\u00f0i \u00e1 hendur Pr\u00fassum \u00feann 19. j\u00fal\u00ed. \u00dev\u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i l\u00fdkur \u00ed jan\u00faar 1871 me\u00f0 sigri Pr\u00fassa og falli Nap\u00f3leons III af keisarast\u00f3li. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur Frakkland l\u00fd\u00f0veldi \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja sinn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1871: \u00de\u00fdska keisarad\u00e6mi\u00f0 (\u00fe. Deutsches Reich) stofna\u00f0 \u00ed jan\u00faar \u00far 26 \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi fylkjum, a\u00f0 undirlagi pr\u00fassneska \u201ej\u00e1rnkanslarans\u201c Otto von Bismarck. Fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00f6f\u00f0u flest fylkin loti\u00f0 stj\u00f3rn konungsfj\u00f6lskyldna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1889: Eiffelturninn bygg\u00f0ur fyrir heimss\u00fdninguna \u00ed Par\u00eds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uppf\u00e6rt 15. \u00e1g\u00fast 2025<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n
  1. Einn baggi (e. bale) af saman\u00fej\u00f6ppu\u00f0um b\u00f3mullartrefjum v\u00f3g \u00e1 bilinu 180 til 230 kg. \u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  2. Matteus 12:25 \u201eEn Jes\u00fas vissi hugsanir \u00feeirra og sag\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1: \u201eHvert \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00edki, sem er sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r sundur\u00feykkt, leggst \u00ed au\u00f0n, og hver s\u00fa borg e\u00f0a heimili, sem er sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r sundur\u00feykkt, f\u00e6r ekki sta\u00f0ist.\u201c \u201c\u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  3. Lengst af voru opinberar t\u00f6lur um mannfall 620.000 manns en fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1ra telja banv\u00e6nar aflei\u00f0ingar s\u00e1ra og sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma vanmetnar, og \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 850.000 n\u00e6r lagi. \u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    \u00cdtarefni og hla\u00f0varps\u00fe\u00e6ttir:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The Rest is History, \u00fe\u00e1ttur 200: American Civil War: the Causes. <\/em>
    The Rest is History, \u00fe\u00e1ttur 201: American Civil War: Outbreak <\/em>
    The Rest is History, \u00fe\u00e1ttur 202: American Civil War: Gettysburg. <\/em>
    The Rest is History, \u00fe\u00e1ttur 203: American Civil War: Aftermath & Legacy. <\/em>
    Dominic Sandbrook og Tom Holland r\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn Adam Smith. A\u00f0gengilegt \u00e1 Spotify og v\u00ed\u00f0ar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fort Sumter: How Civil War Began With a Bloodless Battle<\/a>. Grein eftir Mark Collins Jenkins \u00e1 vef National Geographic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Recounting the Dead. <\/a>Grein eftir David J. Hacker, um \u00e1\u00e6tla\u00f0 mannfall \u00ed Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0inu og uppf\u00e6r\u00f0ar t\u00f6lur. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjanna 1861-65 er s\u00f6gusvi\u00f0 sm\u00e1sagna \u00far safninu In the Midst of War: Tales of Soldiers and Civilans, sem og sj\u00e1lfs\u00e6vis\u00f6gulegra pistla sem Ambrose Bierce…<\/p>\n

    Continue readingBorgarastr\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 (US Civil War)<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":162,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"iawp_total_views":13,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Einn baggi (e. bale) af saman\u00fej\u00f6ppu\u00f0um b\u00f3mullartrefjum v\u00f3g \u00e1 bilinu 180 til 230 kg. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"bdf6071e-c0b7-4254-8b0c-9cd097626d14\"},{\"content\":\" Matteus 12:25 \u201eEn Jes\u00fas vissi hugsanir \u00feeirra og sag\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1: \u201eHvert \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00edki, sem er sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r sundur\u00feykkt, leggst \u00ed au\u00f0n, og hver s\u00fa borg e\u00f0a heimili, sem er sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r sundur\u00feykkt, f\u00e6r ekki sta\u00f0ist.\u201c \u201c\u00a0\",\"id\":\"508efade-6a19-449c-be84-0d11d507493c\"},{\"content\":\"Lengst af voru opinberar t\u00f6lur um mannfall 620.000 manns en fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1ra telja banv\u00e6nar aflei\u00f0ingar s\u00e1ra og sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma vanmetnar, og \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 850.000 n\u00e6r lagi. \u00a0\",\"id\":\"2b84f04f-5364-44ba-909d-2c567975effa\"}]"},"class_list":["post-8","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":336,"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions\/336"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uglulaekjarbru.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}